|
As imperfect as it may be, the Scientific Method remains humanity’s greatest tool. Some may even see it as转移世界的杠杆。But a tool for doing what? AsGreg Epstein points out，，，，it is the “most reliable tool for determining the nature of the world around us.” In this blog entry, we’ll take a look at some ideas for introducing the scientific method to students. What’s more, I’ll offer some suggestions for engaging young scientists.
The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge. It has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century. It involves careful observation, observing then applying rigorous skepticism to those observations. That’s important since one’s cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. (资源）
The process varies in its details from one discipline to another. But generally, the scientific method is often represented in a simple diagram:
Source:Brightyellowjeans – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0|见别人
尽管这些步骤显得很简单，但必须进行的工作不仅仅是完成科学实验室。学生必须进行讨论和反思。当我在此博客条目中审查了一些有趣的实验室时，我意识到我在上学期间很少接触解决问题的方面。为了确保您的学生不会发生这种情况，请确保遵循以下图中包含的步骤。
Introducing the Scientific Method
从事科学推理和批判性思维是艰苦的工作。您如何以吸引他们的方式将其介绍给学生？在博客条目中，如何设计基于研究的科学课程，我描述了包括三个目标的第一步：
- Get students engaged in learning science
- Give students ownership of their learning
- Assess and scaffold student progress from where they are to where they need to be
这意味着学生必须内部化科学方法并进行元认知。他们必须问自己：“证据怎么说？我如何看待这些证据？下一步意味着什么？”
澄清词汇
在分享一些示例之前，让我们看看一些关键的词汇术语以了解：
- 观察。您看到的发生或发生的事情
- 假设。A suggested explanation for the observation
- Control group。A set of controlled variables that are unchanged. You only adjust the one variable for experimentation. The variable that is adjusted is known as the Independent Variable (IV).
- Independent Variable (IV)。这是更改的变量，以查看它如何影响其他事物。
- 因变量（DV）。正在测量/观察的变量。假定DV受IV的影响。DV的值取决于IV（资源）。
Below are some tried and true demonstrations that students can observe, write about, and discuss:
演示＃1：水温和效果
演示＃1：水温和效果水温会影响泡沫片溶解的速度吗？为中学生尝试这项活动。
实施技巧
Here are some suggestions from Carlos Gomez. I’ve also included some website links I thought might be helpful:
- Get the tablets at a Dollar store。
- Get a bag of ice in a cooler for the cold water. You can warm up water in an electric kettle. I pour it for the kids into their beakers so they don’t have to use tongs. Use room temperature water from the sink as your control.
- Students time from the start (drop tablet) until fully dissolved. Temperature doesn’t need to be recorded because we simply care that one is hot water and the other is cold.
- 你可以做一个简单的图表(酒吧或线)与它的endent variable (IV) being water temperature (hot, room, cold). Time can serve as the dependent variable (DV).
- You can also try this with Alka-Seltzer, but Efferdent tablets are less expensive.View lesson plan。
- Also use tablets to measure how much carbon dioxide gas is in an Efferdent tablet.
Image Source:Newton’s Third Law
演示＃2：芭比娃娃
使用科学方法作为学生区分速度，速度和加速度。他们还将比较和对比牛顿的三个法律。与高中化学专业的学生一起尝试这项活动。
实施技巧
- 遵循本八年级科学教师指南的步骤。
- 探索小鹿Nguyen的指南（也显示右图的源）。
Demo #3: Slug Lab
Students write their own research questions about slug feeding behavior, then gather evidence. The goal is to learn how to design experiments that successfully gather the evidence needed. This activity works well for middle and high school students.
实施技巧
演示＃4：纸塔挑战赛
在这项实验中，学生努力发现组装纸塔的最佳方法。自变量是塔设计。因变量是塔的高度。提供相同的材料（纸，剪刀的类型和数量）。材料将作为控制。
实施技巧
- View lesson plan for standard challenge。） 或者explore an alternative.
- 给每组两块8 1/2 x 11复印纸，剪刀和玻璃纸胶带。挑战他们制作最高的独立式纸塔。Kerry Bresmontgomery建议的一些基本规则：
- Use as much or little tape as you want.
- Rip/cut/fold paper.
- 不能将塔塔胶带贴在地板或桌子上。
- Only 20 minutes to design and build.
- 无法获得额外的纸，因此在切割或撕开纸张之前制定计划。
- 高度从底座到顶部仅计数纸（无法制作磁带）。
There are many other cool lab ideas that can engage students. Use these to develop their scientific reasoning.
确保探索Save Fred，，，，Pringle Ring Challenge，，，，小苏打火箭，，，，and软糖熊渗透。您可能会发现Bubble Gum Laband大象牙膏of interest as well.
More Labs
You can find many more labs for a variety of age ranges and grade levels online. Here are a few places where you can find those:
在此博客的第二部分中，互动科学: Virtual Labs，我们将探索可以帮助科学方法的虚拟实验室。敬请关注！
参考
- Feature image attribution. Whatiguana, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>，通过Wikimedia Commons
- 阿基米德的杠杆。ZDF/ Terra X/ Gruppe 5/ Susanne Utzt，Cristina Trebbi/ Jens Boeck，DieterStürmer/ Fabian Wienke/ Sebastian Martinez/ Xkopp，Polloq，CC，By 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/4.0>，通过Wikimedia Commons
- Carlos Gomez’ suggestions for science lab.Available online on 09/09/2021。
- 凯里·布雷斯蒙特（Kerry Bresmontgomery）对科学实验室的建议。Available online on 09/09/2021。
